Douglas Andrew Willinger - Angelo Francois Mariani Coca Activism

Douglas Willinger and Ethan Nadelman -
1992 DPF conference

Mid 1986 - Became extremely concerned about Ronald Wilson Reagan's insane ratcheting up the socially destructive - mega continuing boondoggle 'drug war'

April 1987 - purchased the book 'Cocaine- Its History Uses and Effects' by Richard Ashley, where I first read about Angelo Francois Mariani and his Vin Mariani created amidst the 1860s female Parisian opera performer culture, and found safe and effective in western Europe and North America.

September-October 1987 - wrote the Fitz Hugh Ludlow Library Memorial Library about Mariani - Coca and received letter informing me of Chas Vermeulen Windsant in Amsterdam who got obsessed about the Mariani story, in spring 1978, at about the 64th anniversary of Mariani's April 1, 1914 death in southern France.

1, April MCMXIV

December 1987 - wrote letter to the Westchester Gannett newspapers about the banning of Coca and its perversion into concentrated cocaine while we push tobacco cigarettes upon the world - is published January 4, 1988

July 1989 - travelled to Amsterdam and Paris to persue the Mariani story.

November 1989 - attended my first international conference of the Drug Policy Foundation, and have attended every such annual and subsequently biennial conference since.

July 1990 - travelled to Amsterdam to persue the Mariani story.

November 1990 - attended my 2nd DPF conference, and published in their conference paper compendium my paper- 'The Ever-changing, Ever-confused Popular Conception of Cocaine'

November 1991 - attended my 3rd DPF conference; this is the 2nd time the DPF publishes a paper by me; this 1991 paper is 'Water or Gasoline- Cocaine Prohibition'; and its the first time that I apply and am approved to appear upon a DPF conference panel 'Cocaine and Crack' where I talked about the cocaine continunum from ultra concentrated cocaine to Coca.

November 1992 - attended my 4th DPF conference; this is the 3rd time the DPF publishes a paper by me: 'Cocaine Conversion- Onwards to Coca'.  And its the 2nd time I appear upon the 'cocaine and crack' panel, plus they put me upon an additional panel 'Is America Exporting Its Problems' that is moderated by Ethan Nadelman.

That's Nadelman I appear with in that newspaper photograph, doublessly seen by many people throughout the Washington, D.C. area, in an article about the drug policy reform movement and in particular the then recently held 1992 DPF conference.  The picture is simply captioned 'DPF to new administration- can we talk?'  My name does not appear.  But I am clearly recognizable.

After this point I am never again published by the DPF and its successor organization.  Asides from my successful COCA '95 panel at the October 1995 DPF conference, I am never again placed upon a panel, and the regular cocaine and crack' panel is deleted from the conference schedules, despite the DPF being established to deal with the drug war beyond Marijuana, and that it had been founded in response to the hysteria regarding 'cocaine'.

Douglas Andrew Willinger proposals mades after 1992 and all rejected by the Drug Policy Foundation - Drug Policy Alliance include:

'Coca - Turning Over a New Leaf Towards Reducing Health Care Costs', to be moderated by Dr. Lester Grinspoon of Harvard University

'Tinctures of Opium, Wines of Coca, etc: Popular, Pre-prohibition Uses of Natural Plants Perverted by Drug Prohibition into today's "Hard" Drug Plague'

A Douglas Willinger proposal for a 'History Panel' for 1999 was accepted, but neither Willinger nor the coca-cocaine issue were allowed.  This was so even with the subsequent 'History' Panel in 2003 which had only 2 or 3 panelists, rather than the overflowing amount on the 1999 panel that featured the final DPF appearance of Dr. Rufus King, who died that December.

Mis-managed Drug Policy 'Reform' to protect existing pharma-cigarette markets 
http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2010/07/peter-lewis-ira-glasser-is-waste-of.html

Coca Come Back
http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2009/02/coca-come-back.html

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About the Drug Policy - Covington and Burling Connection

An Interview By The Federal Triangle:
About Appearances of Conflict of Interest with Covington & Burling’s pro-bono advisement relationship with drug policy reform organizations

With 'ML' Marialuisa S. Gallozzi, with C&B since 1987, in 1988 “assigned to take primary responsibility for advising the [drug policy] foundation”

By “FMD” Freedom of Medicine and Diet/ Douglas Willinger

FMD- As reported in FMD, from the initial Drug Policy Foundation biennial report, Arnold Trebach-Kevin Zeese preface letter identifies Covington & Burling’s pro-bono program linkage to the Drug Policy Foundation:

“… the leading Washington, D.C. law firm Covington & Burling accepted the Foundation as a pro bono publico [for the public good] client in regard to cooperate and tax matters in 1988. We have received valuable advice from Marialuisa Gallozzi, the Covington & Burling associate assigned to take primary responsibility for advising the Foundation. Having Covington and Burling in our corner is a source of great comfort.”

People throughout the drug policy reform movement are asking about this advisor-advisee relationship- owing to what they see as a clear potential for how advice from this law firm may affect the drug policy reform organizations, owing to C & B’s long history of clientele. Founded in 1919 at the start of the great growth in U.S. regulatory law, C&B is big into pharmaceuticals and other industries that benefit from the hysteria over the illegalized drugs, particularly Tobacco, there’s a clear interest in keeping up the hysteria over “cocaine” in order to obscure and keep illegal Coca Leaf, and thus a potential conflict of interest in this C&B relationship with drug policy reform organizations.

ML- Absolutely, FMD. A great many thanks for the opportunity to address this appearance of conflict of interest. As the attorney ‘assigned primary responsibility for advising the Foundation’ of this pro-bono program of this major food-tobacco-pharma industry law firm, I have an obligation to the public and to Covington & Burling to make myself available to answer questions regarding this pro bono relationship with the Drug Policy Foundation- now Drug Policy Alliance and other such organizations dedicated to reforming the laws regarding the now illicit drugs. Particularly at a time of this “Fast & Furious” controversy regarding a government program under U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, to flood illicit gun markets in order to better arm the various drug gangs so they may shoot and kill more people, including U.S. border guards, and thereby continue and even escalate this drug war that was started in part by Covington & Burling’s co-founder, James Harry Covington, one time U.S. Congressman from the Maryland eastern shore. You see, Holder is from Covington & Burling, and so is his assistant AG Breuer. And Holder in particular, among his legal practices, represented some pharmaceutical companies- indeed as Covington is perhaps the largest legal representative of much of the pharmaceutical industry. Indeed, with the Controlled Substances Act granting so much power to the USAG, it can be said that the CSA thus so empowers a recent former Covington & Burling attorney who has represented big pharma- so likely guaranteeing a good show at some upcoming Congressional hearing on Fast & Furious.

FMD- Go on.

ML- Covington is the largest representative of so much, including food, drugs-pharmaceuticals. Its first client was the National Canners Association- still a client as the National Food Processors Association. The firm became THE firm for coordinating the defense of the cigarette industry- to sell what would be otherwise deemed a adulterated and mis-branded substance- oh but for the tradition established with that 1906 act for excluding a list of the additives.

Indeed Covington was established in the wake of and along with the tremendous rise in government regulatory expansion, indeed so much centralization in so much at that time, like a re-codification of cannon law to further centralize power within and near Rome.

Indeed, our founder James Harry Covington was involved in the drug war’s creation. Our founder was in the U.S. Congress when the 1906 U.S. Food and drug act was being crafted into the 1914 Harrison Narcotic Act which he than upheld as a federal judge regarding giving the power over health choice to the U.S. Department of Treasury!
As so much of this has created problems that concern many people, such as the tremendous increase in the prison population, it leads us to assist the various organizations that are set up to challenge such problems; but since we represent such a broad array of industry, that we inevitably get caught up in issues that threaten the established interests that we have and continue to represent. By long representing much of the drug-pharmaceutical industry for instance we end up representing those that benefit from the current century old drug control scheme. Hence our involvement with the drug policy reform or legalization movement inevitably raises conflicts with our established interests we represent.

FMD- Such as interests benefiting from this drug war as …?

ML- Various drugs that would be to some degree displaced by legalized Marijuana, Opium, Coca leaf.

Recently 10 pharmaceutical products were enumerated as potentially threatened by legalized Marijuana. Jack Herer of course pointed out the numerous industrial products likewise threatened by legalized Marijuana or rather, in many cases, Hemp, as they don’t use it for its medicinal-psychoactive properties. And of course that elephant in the living room ignored by everyone but yourself of Tobacco-Virginia Bright Leaf cigarettes by Coca Leaf particularly as both are plant-stimulants each respectively with nicotine or cocaine- two well known substances though blatantly perceived differently. You already done a masterful job with your DPF published papers during the early 1990s, though they have not published you since 1992. That is so weird given the potential effectiveness of your arguments to actually undermine support for the drug war regarding cocaine. Yet Ira Glasser, who anyone who can google can find takes Tobacco cigarette industry money, runs away from addressing the issue.

FMD- Oh yes. Did you read my accounts about him? Asides from 1995 with my COCA '95 panel they have not placed me on any panels, nor accept any of my panel proposals except the 1999 History Panel which nonetheless did not include any speakers on the Coca-cocaine issue, even rejecting such proposals as Coca Turning over a new leaf towards reducing health care costs with Dr Lester Grinspoon and Tinctures of Opium Wines of Coca Popular Pre Prohibition Uses of what became today’s white power poisons of abuse, with numerous speakers including Dr, John Morgan and former DPF employee, the writer Cynthia Cotts. The pharma tobacco drug legalization conflict is undeniable. The DPF clearly went away from the Coca cocaine issue, for instance discontinuing holding a regular “cocaine” panel after the 1992 DPF conference- though all in spite of the clear message of 1986 that reformers had to address the drug that was used for the post death of Len Bias by overdose hysteria used to generate public support for more draconian drug contraband penalties of cocaine. And it has gone conservative. We already had NORML and were to additionally get Marijuana Policy Project. Groups as the Drug Policy Foundation and its successor Drug Policy Alliance are about the broader issue of the popular illicit drugs which of course includes cocaine. So why not address it to belay the hysteria? Why keep cocaine a feared “narcotic” while nicotine remains part of a larger chronic poison taking some 440,000 premature lives annually within the U.S. and 6 million plus (if not as high as 40 million) annually worldwide, and 100+ million within the last calendar-century. Why deny the benefits of the Coca leaf- the stimulant according to UCLA’s Dr Ronald K. Siegel, the toxicologist who testified at the trial regarding Len Bias’s cocaine overdose supplier’s trial, that is the safest of its category? Why? Just look at the history, the 20th century drug control scheme in the U.S. came via the USDA- Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Mercantilism. This has raised numerous eyebrows.

ML- I can imagine seeing those eyebrows. A food and drug and insurance attorney at this powerhouse of a law firm for big pharma and the cigarette industry with a pro bono program advising drug policy reform/legalization organizations. And oh boy what a conflict. Our firm represents the interests that benefit from the “drug war”- so people are naturally going to wonder. Especially with no information forthcoming from myself, Covington nor any of these drug policy organizations since FMD began spotlighting this connection back in early 2008.

FMD- Indeed.

ML- This cigarette industry and that of the patent – aka patentable synthetic substances rather then un-patentable natural plant substances were and are the main beneficiaries of this new drug control scheme, of cocaine something to be feared by being required to be labeled while caffeine and nicotine were not, and to be arbitrarily deemed deleterious to human health irregardless of the concentration by a USDA that had been established to protect the interests of domestic business rather than health, thus favoring domestic Tobacco from the foreign market threat of the ‘Tobacco Habit Cure” of Coca Leaf.

Anyone with a background in vocal arts or anesthesiology would know this history.

FMD- Ah yes- Vin Mariani!

ML- Indeed, Vin Mariani.

Way better than powder cocaine, or cigarettes.

Popularized by Angelo Francois Mariani.

He was born December 17, 1838; and died April 1, 1914.

http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2009/02/coca-come-back.html

A Corsican by birth who moved to Paris to become a pharmacist in service to Parisian women who liked performing in opera, who all found Coca beneficial for the vocal cords and providing useful energy.

He understood Coca, deemed in South America as the essence of MamaCoca - the Earth Mother Figure - Most Special Gal. He bottled her essence. It gave a lot of people benefit, and was a good thing.

Alas the public allowed itself to be bamboozled by a “liberal-progressive” media that lied through its teeth, confusing “cocaine” in people’s minds from delightful alternative to caffeine to alluring concentrated white power poison of abuse. A mind over matter. Confuse the mind to allow destructive policies confused as beneficial and necessary but rather a deceptive self perpetuating lie. Result countless trillions in law enforcement/civil rights violations, plus trillions in added health care costs with some 100 million premature deaths resulting from this market distortion suppression of cocaine, protection-promotion of tobacco actually meeting the definition of adulterated and mis-branded.

This is to the benefit of a disastrous decision made in the early 1900s.

With the dragging of their feet regarding the Coca leaf issue, it is understandable that people are going to inquire upon what is tying this down and hence wonder about this linkage between the drug policy reform organizations and Covington & Burling.

What are they going to do- have the world think they hired me to suppress drug policy reform, drastically needed change in policies that are a continuing mega boondoggle health care human rights disaster?! Google my name with the terms “pharmaceutical” and there will be hits, only leading people to further wonder about this Covington and Drug Policy Reform organizations relationship. Even moreso given that current USAG Eric Holder's scandal- "Fast & Furious."

Tobacco the most dangerous was protected by the ban on Coca via the ridiculously overly simplistic hysteria against “cocaine”.

A mega colossal disaster, with a chain reaction of effects and successive reactions like a dog eternally chasing its tail.

We get the crack epidemic.

We get the trillions on added health care costs from the cigarettes.

We get amnesia about the Vin Mariani era.

Don’t they remember Vin Mariani?

It started as a favorite of Parisian stage performers helping tone their voices and given useful energy, not the up – down and afterward harshness of refined cocaine.

That was why cocaine was remembered favorably- as a delightful alternative to caffeine and even nicotine. And who would think of using the latter two as they bastardized cocaine starting during the mid 1880s.

So why has the Drug Policy Foundation stopped your excellent efforts to address cocaine after the 1992 conference?

People going to ponder that, knowing that its my name, an attorney specializing in food, drug and insurance, from Covington with its lengthy and extensive experience, and plus that with the clear market protection angle of the drug war that you cover but which all of the good old boy, fraternalistic orderesque organizations are naturally too chicken to do, so people are going to wonder about this program and ask, Bottleneck or Facilitator?

They have not yet let me stand up. The DPA would not even approve that excellent plenary panel on Agricultural Mercantilism with the former U.S. prosecutor Sheila Eubanks you made for the 2009 and 2011 DPA conferences.

Either we continue to stonewall, but more people will see this as an admission of the utter corruptness of Washington D.C. Fewer may want to send money to such foundations as the “Drug Policy Foundation” or Drug Policy Alliance” if it is seen as a tool of a Washington D.C. cigarette-pharmaceutical legal powerhouse founded by a man who helped found prohibition!

Or we do the right thing- for freedom of diet and medicine.

Covington & Burling has a long history going back to the very foundations of the great 20th century “war on drugs” or rather some drugs, a great deception that gets people to confuse its effects as somehow its continuing justification. People see the problems with prohibition and with ultra concentrated drugs – a situation engendered in most cases by Prohibition’s Iron Law that was the subject of an article by NORML’s Dick Cowan in the National Review way back in December 1986. They overlook the iron law of prohibition – remember when cocaine was in Coca Cola rather than taken as now. The FDA has been reluctant to approve other drugs taken in such a manner, such as nicotine nasal spray because of the pharmacokinetics how drugs are assimilated into the human body, aka slow versus fast all at once release. Its an issue known by science yet disregarded by that Basilica on the New Tiber- the U.S. Congress with its blatant cigarette-pharma mercantilism dating back at least to 1906.

Our founder was in the U.S. Congress when the 1906 US Food and Drug Act was being crafted into the 1914 Harrison Narcotic Act which he than upheld as a federal judge regarding giving the power over health choice to the U.S. Department of Treasury!

As for the advice I have given the DPF and any other such drug policy related organizations, that can wait for my upcoming public presentations, including those that the Drug Policy Alliance needs adding to its conferences, complete with a minimum of 20 minutes of question and answer time with the audience.

Give me the opportunity to answer any such questions about such advice, along with what I and Covington & Burling shall be doing to assist in the re-legalization of Coca Leaf and other plant preparation products, including possible class action suits on behalf of the global public against a scheme denying us the benefits of Coca, instead perverting its use for the sake of protecting the most intrinsically dangerous drug its class- Tobacco.

I will answer questions about that by being available for questions as a participant in the various drug policy reform organization conferences, including DPA, Harm Reduction Coalition, and Marijuana Policy Project and to provide an overview of what I and Covington must do with a full scale legal effort, both internationally and within the U.S. Just think about the arguments used against Obama Care, particularly those regarding the Commerce Clause. We can use momentum from this to scrap the Cigarette-Pharma-Market-Protection "Controlled Substances Act" drug-war-scam.

We have a moral obligation to reverse the madness.

And to think of the juxtaposition. After, accordingly Washington, D.C. is the city of the beautiful virgin, though now, given the political dynamics, particularly Ledochowski’s Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, remains a city of the great whore.

From the very beginning, the city was intended to celebrate the mystery of Virgo – of the Egyptian Isis, the Grecian Ceres and the Christian Virgin. This truth – and this truth alone – explains the structure of the city, and the enormous power of its stellar symbolism. Washington, D.C., is far more then a city of zodiacs – it’s a city which was built to celebrate a massive cosmic symbolism, expressed in stars. Its the main buildings – Capitol, White House and Washington Monument – mark on the Earth the annual renewal of that magical pyrotechnic display in the skys, which occurs on the days around August 10. (page 344)

From whatever direction one approaches the history of Washington, D.C., the processional avenue of L’Enfant seems always to find its way into the story, and the tale is usually linked with Masons. If we glance at the history of the capital from the viewpoint of, say, sculpture, we find a seamless fabric which joins together generations of artists through almost two centuries. And, this is a fabric woven in the vicinity of Pennsylvania Avenue.

Today, the Old Post Office is set back from Pennsylvania Avenue, oriented to the squares drawn on the original map along D Street, as though some planner had forgotten about what L’Enfant had indicated on his map. Across the road is the beaux arts building that once housed the most influential newspapers in the city, the Washington Evening Star, its façade still looking down onto the statute of Benjamin Franklin, who occupies the triangular-shaped declivity in Pennsylvania Avenue. It is entirely fitting that this building, so intimately linked with a setting star, should look onto one of the most influential of early American Masons, one who had knowledge of the stars and was a keen astronomer. The sculpture, commissioned of Jacques Jouvenal as a gift to the city by the newspaper proprietor Stilson Hutchins, was designed to look onto Pennsylvania Avenue from 10th Street [note. It sits on the south-eastern corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and 12th Street, being re-located there in 1982], because in those days the avenue was flanked by printers and newspapers: within a stones throw was the largest litho printer in the United States. Now the printers and newspaper have fled in the wake of threatened and actual development, leaving Franklin, displaced from his original symbolism, raising his right hand as though astonished in their disappearance. Nonetheless, there seems to be a destiny even in accidents, and this placing of a Mason on one side, and a building named after an evening star, is propitious.

The Evening Star departed its famous building in 1955, leaving only its stellar name in metallic and lapidary inscriptions overlooking the Pennsylvania frontage. The reception hall of the newspaper has been revamped in modern times, but it is possible that a meaningful symbolism has survived from earlier days. In its marble floor is a huge sunburst, or starburst pattern. The five splendid radiants throw their beams out toward this magical avenue, as though he were part of the profound secret of Washington, D.C. [emphasis added] (pp 311-312)

Does the state of Franklin, on its pedestal below the campanile, hold up its hand in amazement of this solar wonder? (page 344)

This account’s fixation upon the Eastern Star upon the Evening Star building may be misleading as it is to his 4 o’clock; curiously the book fails to mention the address of where Ben Franklin’s statute actually stares in astonished amazement diagonally across the intersection of Pennsylvania and 12th Street. 1201 Pennsylvania Avenue- the Covington & Burling building.

http://savethecapitalcity.blogspot.com/2007/06/benjamin-franklins-mysterious-sunfire.html

Consider, the continuing to this very day ancient regime, and its many wars not limited to its insane pervert cocaine to protect cigarettes drug war, but including Ledochowski’s vicious counter reformation revenge for the Kulturkampf, with Maximillian Kolbe’s “our war” deification of the Mary figure, suggestive of this woman, born on the Winter solstice as the Mother of War (some variant of Mary Lou given Louise=warrior?), at that spot of Washington, D.C. described by a Masonic book as the center of the universe where Ben Franklin’s statute stares in wondrous astonishment. Is not that suggestive that Covington is at the center of the universe? And that we have a job we must do!

FMD- Absolutely! Ben Franklin and everyone else are awaiting the Covington & Burling - Marialuisa Gallozzi move to end the travesty of anti Opium-Coca pro cigarette criminal mercantilism.

http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2008/08/1904-2004-usda.html

"The Farmer and the Cowman"

I'd like to say a word for the farmer,
He come out west and made a lot of changes
He come out west and built a lot of fences,
And built 'em right acrost our cattle ranges.
The farmer and the cowman should be friends,
Oh, the farmer and the cowman should be friends

Rogers, Richard and Hammerstain, Oscar. Oklahoma: Broadway Cast Album. Laurence Guittard, Christine Andrea, Mary Wickes et al. Mus. Dir. Jay Blackton. Red Seal, 1980; cited by Marialuisa S. Gallozzi in her USDA conference paper: "The Food Industry's View About the Development of Plant-made Pharmaceuticals and Industrials" presented at the USDA Agricultural Outlook Forum, Arlington, Virginia February 19-20, 2004

The Evil 'Drug' Prohibition to Promote Tobacco Cigarettes
http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-evil-prohibition-to-promote.html

MisManaged Drug Policy Reform Organizations - DPF/DPA
http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2010/07/peter-lewis-ira-glasser-is-waste-of.html

2012 - April 1 - South Mall Blogger
http://southmallblogger.blogspot.com/2012/04/2012-april-1.html

South Mall Blogger
http://southmallblogger.blogspot.com/

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Caswell Hazard & Co. Coca Wine

Broadway 24th Street Sixth Floor 39th Street New York and 212 Thames Street Newport, Rhode Island

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Mariani's Attempt at Dialogue With 'Knight' Wiley

From my unpublished manuscript "Coca- Forgotten Medicine"

There is evidence that Mariani & Company attempted a dialogue with Wiley around 1908. There is a set of Mariani Figures Contemporaines in the U.S. Library of Congress complete from 1893 through the 1907 edition (but none of the later editions which ran through 1913, with a final edition released in 1925), each with a placard noting their donation in 1941 by “Mrs. Harvey Washington Wiley”.

And there is a letter included in Wiley’s papers at the US National Achieves, dated December 9, 1908 from Jacob Jaros on Mariani & Company letter-head with a lithograph of the Mariani laboratory at Neully-Sur-Seine, France. This letter requested a meeting with Wiley while Jaros and his wife were traveling in Washington, D.C. However, there is less indication of whether such a dialogue ever took place. While hundreds of other such letters received by Wiley that are contained within his collection of papers (available at the U.S. National Archives II in Beltsville, Maryland), are accompanied by drafts of his replies, no such Wiley response accompanies this Jaros letter.

But they do include a letter received at the same time inviting Wiley to attend a “smoker” at Washington DC’s prestigious Cosmos Club for the various

“knights that have shown great prowess”.

This letter does not specify the name of any organization of such “knights”. There are a number of such established organizations that employ that term within their name: Knights of Templar; Knights of Malta; Knights of Columbus: all of these being connected to the Roman Catholic Church. This is notable because Mariani had received such lavish praise from the Vatican in 1898 and 1904, yet where can one find any indication of any subsequent support for Coca from the Roman Catholic Church against this 20th century anti-Coca (and indeed, anti-medical freedom) crusade?

Harvey Washington Wiley
Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry of the
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA),
a "Knight" that has shown "great prowess"

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New Dark Ages USDA Crusade Against Coca

From my unpublished manuscript "Coca- Forgotten Medicine"

The U.S.D.A. campaign against coca: prosecutions and lobbying

Under the 1906 act, Coca products were perfectly legal if properly labeled.

The USDA would exploit its new power to declare substances, dangerous, habit-forming or deleterious, with prosecutions against the manufacturers of coca products sold as "foods", such as beverages, for “adulteration”.

This was a separate charge then that of “mislabeling”.  The following prosecutions against a list of Coca or dilute cocaine beverage manufacturs each included charges for both 'adulteration' for containing cocaine which the USDA was declaring dangerous, and 'mislabeling' for actually failing to comply with the 1906 Act's labeling requirement for the presence and proportion of cocaine alkaloid.

With Wiley and Kebler so declaring cocaine as  "such an insidious, habit-forming drug [that] certainly has no place whatsoever in these products", while prosecuting Coca-Cola for containing added caffeine, which is NOT included in the 1906 Act's list of substances required to be labled, for "adulteration" with a like claim of dangerousnous against isolated caffeine, they were creating a business climate to discourage such products no matter how well labeled.

Soon after its 1906 empowerment, the U.S.D.A. began a series of prosecutions alleging section 7 violations for "adulteration" in cases also involving a charge of "misbranding"
 

Koca Nola

This was a syrup for flavoring soda water and similar "soft drinks" put up by a company of the same name at Atlanta, Ga. This "Delicious Dopeless Koca Nola"—as the label had it —was found to contain cocain. Cocain being deleterious to health, was declared an adulteration under the act so that the Koca Nola Company was found guilty on two points: (1) failing to declare the presence of cocain and (2) adulteration. The Government made two seizures and the company was found guilty in each case and a fine of $25 on each count was imposed, making the total $100.—[Notice of Judgment, No. 202.]

Celery Cola

Celery-Cola, marketed by the Birmingham Celery Cola Company of Birmingham, Ala., was another soft drink found to contain cocain and calTein. The government contended that as cocain was a poisonous and deleterious ingredient, the product was adulterated and as the proportion or quantity of cocain was not declared on the label it was also misbranded.— [Notice of Judgment, No. 326.]

Dr. Don's Kola

This product, which was sold as a flavoring extract for "soft drinks," was shipped by the Warner-Jcnkinson Company of St. Louis from Missouri to Michigan. When analyzed by the Government chemists, the product was found to be a syrupy liquid consisting essentially of cocain, caffein, phosphoric acid, sugar, flavoring and coloring agents, and water. It contained no substance derived from the cola nut or cola plant. In view of the fact that it contained cocain, a dangerous drug, the stuff was declared adulterated and, inasmuch as it contained no product of the cola nut. it was further declared misbranded. The defendant entered a plea of guilty and a fine was imposed.—[Notice of Judgment, No. 724.]

Kos-Kola was a soft drink shipped in interstate commerce by the Sethness Company of Chicago. A sample of this preparation was analyzed by the Bureau of Chemistry whose chemists reported that it contained a "poisonous and deleterious ingredient, to wit, cocain." As the preparation failed to bear a statement on the label of the quantity or proportion of cocain, and. as the name Kos-Kola indicated that a product of the cola nut was one of its chief ingredients, which it was not, this vicious mixture was declared misbranded and adulterated. A plea of guilty was entered and the defendant fined. — [Notice of Judgment, No. 206.]

This was a soft drink preparation made by the Vani-Kola Company of Canton. Ohio. Analysis disclosed the presence of coeain and caffein and the product was therefore deemed adulterated ill that it contained deleterious ingredients. It was also declared misbranded because the quantity, or proportion of coeain was not given on the label. The company was fined $25 and costs after entering a plea of nolo contendere. [Notice of Judgment, No. 935.]

Rococola

This soft drink, shipped by the Lehman-Rosenfeld Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, was analyzed by the Government chemists, on whose findings it was declared adulterated and misbranded. It was found to contain cocain and caffein, which rendered the drink injurious to health. Furthermore, the label failed to bear a statement of the quantity or proportion of cocain and caffein, A plea of guilty was entered and fine imposed.— [Notice of Judgment, No. 466.]

Dr. Elders' Celebrated Tobacco Specific

H. W. Elders of St. Joseph, Mo., shipped into the state of Michigan a quantity of a drug preparation having the name given above and under claims that were in part as follows:

"Cures Smoking. Chewing. Cigarette and Snuff Kipping Habits in three to five days."

"It Is as Certain in its Cure as are Taxes and Death sure to all."

"Oldest, Cheapest, Best. Thousands so testify."

"A positive cure for the 'Tobacco Heart'."

"Contains no injurious drugs or ingredients."

Analysis by the government chemists showed that the tablets consisted essentially of cocain and cocain derivatives, strychnin and cinchona alkaloids. The co cain, strychnin and cinchona alkaloids amounted to about 3/10 of 1 per cent. The remainder of the tablets consisted of sugar and starch with a small amount of gin ger, the whole being flavored with artificial oil of wintergreen. As the tablets were not a specific for the tobacco habit and as it did contain "injurious drugs or ingredients." the product was declared misbranded. Elders pleaded euilty and was fined .*100 and costs. [Notice of Judgment, No. 930.]

             
Kos-Kola, a soft-drink manufactured by the Sethness Company of Chicago, Illinois was "adulterated in that it contained an added poisonous and deleterious ingredient, to wit, cocaine." (Guilty plea, January 10, 1910);

Kola-Ade, a soft-drink manufactured by the Kola-Ade Company of Atlanta, Georgia was "adulterated in that it contained an added deleterious ingredient, namely cocaine and coca leaf alkaloids" (Guilty plea, March 19, 1910); 

Celery Cola, a soft-drink manufactured by the Birmingham Celery Cola Company of Birmingham, Alabama was "adulterated, in that it contained added poisonous and deleterious ingredients which might render the article injurious to health, namely caffein, cocain, and cocain derivatives;" (Guilty verdict, March 11, 1910);

Rococola, a soft-drink manufactured by the Lehman-Rosenfeld Company of Cincinnati, Ohio was "adulterated within the meaning of the act in that it contained, in addition to the ingredients mentioned on the label, certain added deleterious ingredients, to wit caffeine and cocaine, which added ingredients rendered said article of food injurious to health;" (Guilty plea, May, 16, 1910);

Cola Syrup, a syrup produced by the Mound City Extract Company of St. Louis, Missouri was "adulterated in that the product contained in said barrel was a liquid consisting essentially of sugar, caffeine, cocaine and derivatives of cocaine... and that said product contained added poisonous and deleterious ingredients which might render such articles injurious to health, to wit, caffein, cocaine and derivatives of cocaine" (Guilty plea, November 11, 1910);

Great American Coca Cream, a soft-drink made by the American Beverage Company of St. Louis, Missouri was "[adulterated]..in that the contents of said bottles contained added poisonous and deleterious ingredients, to wit, cocaine and caffeine, which rendered said articles injurious to health;" (Guilty plea, November 10, 1910);

"Kola" Syrup, a syrup labeled "Dr. Don's Kola" produced by the Warner-Jenkinson Company of St. Louis, Missouri was "[adulterated because]...said article contained added poisonous and deleterious ingredients, to wit, caffein and cocaine derivatives, which rendered it injurious to health" (Guilty plea, no date given other then February 21, 1911 publication date);

"Red Seal" Cola Queen Syrup, a syrup also produced by the Warner-Jenkinson Company was "adulterated..in that the product contained added poisonous and deleterious ingredients, to wit, caffein and cocaine and derivatives of cocaine, which might render said article injurious to health" (Guilty plea, no date given other then February 21, 1911 publication date);

Vani-Kola Compound Syrup, a syrup produced by The Vani-Kola Company of Canton, Ohio was "adulterated in that it contained added deleterious ingredients, viz, caffeine and cocaine [and other coca leaf alkaloids." (Plea of nolo contendere, February 14, 1911

Soda Water Syrup Cola, a soft-drink syrup made by W.H. Hutchinson & Son located in northern Illinois was "adulteration was alleged because the article of food in said bottle contained an added deleterious ingredient, to wit, cocaine, rendering such article injurious to health" Plea of nolo contendere entered on February 23, 1911; at trial, "defendant admitted the charges in the information, and further admitted for the purpose of the case that cocaine was an added ingredient of the product, and also that it was a deleterious, but introduced proof to the effect that the cocaine in said product was mixed therein by accident." Jury verdict of not guilty.

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 did not prohibit cocaine.  It only required its labeling in products where it was an ingredient, whether directly with isolated cocaine, or indirectly with Coca.  This was even things that clearly enumerated they were Coca preparations and thus likely to contain cocaine, i.e. "Coke" Extract, manufactured by A.L. Pilsbury of New Orleans or "Coke Extract" manufactured by the Kumfort Company of Atlanta, Georgia, had to list cocaine and its proportion or quantity on the label. 

Yet its open ended delegation of regualtory authority to the U.S.D.A. was used as a tool to implement its political-mercantilist agenda to end Coca's use in the U.S. as a beverage to be consumed like Coffee or a daily stimulant, like Coffee or Tobacco -- in other words as a food product , as evidenced by this Washington, D.C. food and drug policy thrust, cir 1907+ typified by this U.S.D.A.'s prosecutor's charge to the jury in a 1910 case against the Birmingham Celery Cola Company of Birmingham, Alabama:

As Celery Cola is intended for a beverage and not a drug, you have the right in determining this question to consider the injury from the probable and repeated use of the article as a beverage, rather than its rare and occasional use as a drug.

This would be sufficient to cow a good portion of the coca products market to eliminate the cocaine alkaloid from their product’s formulations – regardless of whether isolated or as a natural component of coca, if not eliminate the coca product altogether. This would spur Coca beverages’ retreat from food supermarkets, and to seek refuge in pharmacies. Coca product manufacturers took different responses. Some simply complied with the labeling requirements. Some simply removed the cocaine alkaloid, much as the makers of Coca-Cola did in 1903. In the period of time after this act took effect in 1907, numerous coca products were either de-cocainized or altogether eliminated, particularly those sold as food for regular use, but also against those sold as drugs for less frequent use, as the case with Vin Mariani. In 1907 Mariani & Company introduced a new version of Vin Mariani for US markets still made with Coca, but with the cocaine alkaloid removed. Starting in 1907, Vin Mariani for U.S. markets was of a revised formulation, without cocaine, with a then new label on the bottle’s rear side, stating:

GUARANTEED BY MARIANI & CO. UNDER THE FOOD AND DRUGS ACT, JUNE 30, 1906 VIN MARIANI [MARIANI WINE] 17 PER CENT. ALCOHOL BY VOLUME AN IMPORTED FRENCH BORDFEAUX WINE WITH A SPECIAL PROCESSING OF LEAVES OF ERYTHROXYLON COCA PREPARED AND BOTTLED AT OUR NEW YORK LABORATORY MARIANI AND COMPANY PARIS, FRANCE: 41 Boulevard Haussmann. NEW YORK: 52 West 15th Street. TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION:

THE STANDARD OF MARIANI PREPARATIONS, established by us in France nearly half a century ago, is based upon the adaptation of Coca as employed by the Andeans during hundreds of years as a force sustainer. WE HAVE ALWAYS emphasized our use of Coca leaves chosen for their AROMATIC and MEDICIAL qualities and, as we have never considered the negligible content of the alkaloid in such leaves essential to our formula, our processing completely eliminates it from this preparation. AMERICAN LABEL ADOPTED 1907

“… as we have never considered the negligible content of the alkaloid in such leaves essential to our formula, our processing completely eliminates it from this preparation.”

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New Dark Age of the Pharmacratic Inquisition: The U.S. 'Pure' Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906

From my unpublished manuscript "Coca- Forgotten Medicine"

The U.S. 'Pure' Food and Drug Act of 1906 did not ban coca, nor even mention it. But would treat it unfairly via requiring labeling of cocaine content (with no such requirement for caffeine and nicotine containing substances), and allowing the USDA to define something as “adulterated” for containing whatever the USDA could declare to be a dangerous, habit-forming or deleterious (with no requirement that any such declaration be grounded in consistent science).

The 1906 act would effectively exempt Tobacco via its definition of USDA authority over drugs as confined to those listed in the US Pharmacopeia.

Tobacco was included in this Pharmacopeia until being dropped in 1905.

US Pharmacopeia - Wikipedia

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Coca and the U.S. Navy

From my unpublished manuscript "Coca- Forgotten Medicine"

The United States Navy acknowledged Coca wine's usefulness via Dr. William Van Reypen, Surgeon General of the U.S. Navy under William McKinley’s issuing on the U.S. hospital ships Solace and Relief. With Coca traditionally used in combating nausea at high Andean altitude conditions, such plant-based pharmacological benefits were adoptable to a wider range of applications, including sea-sickness.

As such Coca became widely recognized by doctors and patients as beneficial for convalescents, as a general rejuvenative useful for aiding a patient's recovery, and for more- quite often as a Coca Wine. According to Dr. P.S. Cooper, a general practitioner from in Cincinnati Ohio, his preferred Coca preparation was

"a tonic stimulating nutrition and muscular energy."

Basing this view upon having prescribed for more than 4 years, Cooper also wrote that the Coca Wine was

"invaluable in the nausea of pregnancy; its effect in nursing women being galactopoietic."

Vin Mariani was issued by the U.S. Navy and endorsed by it's surgeon general under U.S. President William McKinley, Dr. William Van Reypen.

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Coca to Combat Opiate, Alcohol and Tobacco Addiction

From my unpublished manuscript "Coca- Forgotten Medicine"

Coca was regarded favorably in treating drug addictions involving physical withdrawal and debility (i.e. malnutrition and bodily metabolism), a stance advocated on both sides of the Atlantic.

W.H. Bentley, a Medical Doctor practicing in Oak Valley, Kentucky, authored the September 15, 1880 Therapeutic Gazette article "Erythroxloyn Coca and the Opium and Alcohol Habits" - an account of about half a dozen patients who relieved of their habit by drinking Coca preparations.

Bentley was not alone in his findings, in the U.S. nor abroad, with numerous reports of this efficacy appearing regularly in The Therapeutic Gazette as well as the Philadelphia Medical Times, New Remedies, Medical and Surgical Reporter, and New York Medical Record, and elsewhere.

Remember this was with Coca preparations, containing a low concentrations of cocaine alkaloid, akin to that customary for the alkaloid caffeine in Coffee and Tea, or the alkaloid nicotine in Tobacco. This was not the 100 X more potent use of isolated cocaine in the highly concentrated direct doses made possible with injections.

Mirroring this positive view of this efficacy of Coca in France, French Army Surgeon-in-Chief, Dr. Liberman wrote about the1884 observations of Dr. Villeneuve about the use of pate and in treating, amongst other things, "morphinomania":

"M. X....., barrister, 32 years of age, five years ago began to use morphine preparations as a remedy against a very alarming chronic bronchitis and granulation in the throat which were irritated constantly by cigarette smoking." "the patient at first only used morphine, but his physician committed the imprudence of treating him by hypodermic injection. A noticeable change for the better was produced during the first month, but unfortunately, abuse succeeded promptly the use of the medicament-- so much that when I commenced to treat the patient, he was taking daily from 1 gramme 50 centigrams to 1 gramme 80 centigrammes of morphine hypodermically. When he was four hours without his dose there appeared insomnia, hallucinations and delirium; constipation lasting sometimes for fifteen days, which brought on in the spring a very alarming perityplitis, jerking of the muscles, sudden frights, dyspepsia, and at last frightful congestion of the face whenever he drank a drop of wine or brandy.

"After a month's treatment I had succeeded in reducing the daily doses without causing alarming symptoms; the physiological functions seemed to awaken again. however, the congestion and especially the dyspepsia was very grave, and the cough which had been suppressed by morphine returned. It was then that I treated my patient with phosphate of lime, the pate and the . Lacking his habitual stimulant, he was plunged in a semi-coma from which he could not always be relieved with weaker daily doses of morphine. . . The danger I feared most was a relapse of bronchitis, and that the cough and expectoration might end fatally. But in about a week, during which he took ten doses of Pate de Coca daily, the cough became less fatiguing and disappeared entirely in about twenty days. The patient than commenced to take small doses of (two Mandeira-glasses a day). At first congestion appeared, but little by little, as digestion became more easy, my patient, who on account of his profound anemia could not tolerate any table wines, took at first a small glass, than two, than three glasses at a meal. Now he can go and take dinner in town, which he had not been able to do for three years; he regained his former vigor, is able to undertake anew his occupations, and has entirely given up his morphine habit."

In Paris, Mesureur, the French Ex-Minister of Commerce, and the current (in 1910) Director of Hygiene and Public Health, who approved and signed the French government's radical poster campaign against alcoholism, would state that:

“The dangers of alcoholism would be avoided if no other stimulant were taken for mental or physical trials than that offered by the generous."

The over lap in the popular use of opiates and alcohol, and that of opiates, alcohol and tobacco, brought about situations where coca’s use in combating the use of the first two led to the discovery of its efficacy in combating use of the third, with these being regarded favorably according to the account by Dr. Liberman and Villeneuve

“I have also employed it in cases, happily rare in our army, of chronic alcoholism resulting from the abuse of brandy, absinthe or strong liquors. The produced all the excitement sought by drinkers, but had at the same time a sedative influence on their nervous systems. I have frequently seen hardened drinkers renounce their fatal habit and return to a healthy condition." "I have also used to save smokers of exaggerated habits, from nicotinism. A few glasses of taken in small doses, either pure or mixed with water, acted as a substitute for pipes and cigars, because the smokers found in it the cerebral excitement which they sought in tobacco, wholly preserving their intellectual faculties."

The concept of Coca as a Tobacco substitute received a fair bit of attention in Europe and the U.S., where Coca leaf was introduced in comparable smokable forms: cigarettes, cheroots and cigarettes of Coca. Made in a variety of manners, sometimes mixed with Tobacco (usually involving Coca leaf innards wrapped in a Tobacco outer shell), these smokable forms of Coca -- including a pure Coca leaf pipe blend -- were reportedly found useful medicinally. According to an article by a Dr. F.E. Stewart appearing in the September 19, 1885 Philadelphia Medical Times, smoking Coca leaf had numerous medically useful applications with a basis in its established therapeutic applications, so noted:

"Coca has been used with great success in the treatment of the opium habit, it is also an excellent substitute for Tobacco [emphasis added]. It has been successfully used in dyspepsia, flatulency, colic, gastralgia, enteralgia, hysteria, hypochondria, spinal irritation, idiopathic convulsions , nervous erethism, and in the debility following severe acute affections. As it is a valuable restorative agent, checking tissue-waste, it is also a useful remedy in consumption [?] and wasting diseases generally. It is also of value in the nervous forms of sick-headache, migraine. It is also said to be an aphrodisiac."

Reporting on several cases of experiences with smoking Coca, Stewart found that most found them useful, with a high percentage finding Coca cigars as useful for stemming depression -- the "blues" -- and as a mild stimulant. Citing one example of a leading Wilmington, Delaware physician:

"After dinner, he smoked a couple of the cigars, with the effect that the blues were expelled and he felt the exhilarating effect of the drug in the same manner as after a dose of the wine. It is his opinion that the effect of the cigars is milder than that of the wine, but he is satisfied that he experienced the peculiar power of the coca by smoking it."

Citing others, a man suffering dyspepsia -- a digestive disorder -- and its attendant depression:

"smoked the cigars...the result being to dispel the depressed feeling and remove the fullness experienced after each meal. Repeated experiments confirm this. As coca is said to stimulate the gastric nerves and greatly facilitate digestion, the above experiment seems to prove that the cigar has a similar effect."

These experiments included Dr. Stewart's own use. Writing upon his personal discovery of Coca leaf smoking as a treatment for hay fever:

Personally, I have found the effect of smoking coca leaves to bear out the statement that the drug produces a general excitation of the circulatory and nervous systems. Smoking and inhaling the smoke of one or two cigars will increase my own pulse rate some eight or ten beats to the minute. It certainly relieves the scene of fatigue. Smoked at night, in my own case and in the cases of several of my patients, it produces wakefulness similar to strong coffee. The exaltation produced by it does not seem to be followed by any feeling of languor or depression. I find it a relief after a full meal, like a good tobacco cigar. It seems to impart increased vigor to the muscular system as well to the intellect, with an indescribable feeling of satisfaction. I have never experienced any intoxicating effects from smoking it. Dr. Bartholow says that coca, as in the case with tea and coffee, acts as an indirect nutrient by checking waste, and hence a less amount of food is necessary to maintain the bodily functions; and as I have just learned, in a letter from Messrs. Parke, Davis and Company, that "a Mr. Stevens, a citizen of Abilene, Kansas, who was afflicted with hay fever, and was about to go to the mountains, has concluded to remain at home, having obtained relief from the use of cigarettes of coca. Every morning he uses a cigarette and perfect relief. He uses three per day.

Information on Coca leaf smokables, their history and decline is rare- for records showing sales or later accounts are generally inaccessible. As these even included a pipe mixture, described in its day with the misnomer as a "smoking Tobacco", Coca leaf smoking presented some interesting parallels, for one the possibility they were a more benign substitute to smoke then Tobacco. Among “chewers” of these respective agricultural commodities, oral cancer is common with those using Tobacco, yet its rare among chewers of Coca. Given that these Coca leaf smokables were introduced only 30 years before Coca was banned by U.S. statute by the 1914 Harrison Act, they have less of a history to be fully aware of their long term chronic effects. Nor does it appear that this has been a topic of any study- baring any possible secret research, much like the cigarette companies' purported non-study of the pharmacological properties of nicotine.

added: July 25, 2012

I addition to smokable coca leaf, we had coca based extract and chewing gums, respectively used for treating alcoholism and the tobacco habit.

“A NEW METHOD IN THE TREATMENT OF THE ALCOHOL HABIT” By William F. Waugh, A.M., M.D. Professor of Practice and Clinical Medicine, medico-chirurgical College of Philadelphia, Read before the Pennsylvania State Medical Society and re-printed from Mitchell’s “Clinical Notes,” October, 1885

http://books.google.com/books?id=vzj0SGBjK_4C&pg=PA36-IA4&lpg=PA36-IA4&dq=coca+substitution+for+tobacco&source=bl&ots=TV6P-OVKGV&sig=phe_-y4Ai7oex5X14nmFWgFOWPE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D1APUJ2KJIa36wGR2oDwBw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=coca%20substitution%20for%20tobacco&f=false

excerpt

… in the fourth and fifth classes I desire to recommend the administration of Erythroxylon Coca. It is useless in the treatment of delirium tremens, but to relieve the depression resulting from the deprival of stimulants it has remarkable powers. Its effects in relieving one from the sense of fatigue are too well known to require more than a passing notice. I have frequently returned to my home after a hard day’s work only to find that a still harder night awaited me in the shape of a tenuous labor case. A dose of coca, however, removed the fatigue and left me as fresh as when starting out in the morning after a sound night’s sleep.

Some years ago I was consulted by a gigantic Irishman who worked as fireman in a rolling mill. He informed me that when he had finished his day’s work he was so fatigued that he was unable to find his way home unless fortified by a drink of whiskey. But unfortunately, the first taste fired poor Paddy’s heart and the inevitable result was “a spree”. I gave him some fluid extract of coca leaves, directing him to take a teaspoonful just as he quit work. The result was, as he afterwards informed me, that in five minutes the fatigue had so completely left him that he felt quite ready to go back to the shop and do a second day’s work at once.

This case was cured and the cure has remained for five years without a relapse. In repeating this experiment I found an obstacle in the fact that men did not like to be seen taking medicine. They could not be induced to carry a bottle and spoon around with them and withstand the badinage of their companions. Beside, the liquid preparations of coca contain alcohol, and I may say here, that in all experiments with coca, it is necessary to exclude carefully the effect of alcohol, which obscures and often counteracts the effect of the remedy.

After many trials I succeeded in having the coca put up as a masticatory in the form of plugs like tobacco. These were made at my suggestion by C.L. Mitchell, M.D. & Co., Pharmaceutical Chemists, of Ninth and Race Streets, Philadelphia. I have given this preparation the name of “Coca-Bola” from coca and bolus, a mass. Each plug is about the size of an ordinary plug of chewing tobacco, and contains about 200 grains (nearly half its weight) of coca leaves, besides a small quantity each of tea, coffee and coinchona bark. Each plug is marked off for convenience into squares, each square containing about 16 grains of coca leaves; this quantity is about sufficient for a single dose or chew and even a smaller portion my suffice. It is to be thoroughly masticated in the same manner when chewing tobacco, the saliva being swallowed, not ejected as in tobacco chewing. After the mass has been masticated for some time and the virtues of the coca leaf pretty well extracted, the residue is to be ejected. A chew of the “Coca-bola” take in this manner occasionally throughout the day will generally completely satisfy the craving for stimulants, and at the same time remove any feeling of depression or fatigue. The addition of the tea and coffee seem to assist considerably the sustaining and stimulating effect of the coca leaves without producing any injurious after effects.

The advantages of this method of administering were found to be many and removed completely all the difficulties previously referred to. It contained no alcohol, did not require the use of the objectionable bottle and spoon, was exceeding convenient, and as it so closely resembled tobacco, its continued use excited no remark. Besides it could be easily carried in the vest pocket and was always at hand when needed.

By the use of the “Coca-bola,” in the treatment of the class of cases previously referred to , we substitute for the objectionable habit of drinking liquor the harmless use of coca. So free is it from all injurious effects that I can say that in my opinion no greater boon could be conferred on humanity that in the conversion of all alcohol drinkers into coca chewers. At my request, Dr. Mitchell has now prepared the “Coca-bola” for sale and will shortly place it on the market, when I would ask its careful trial by such of my professional brethren as are interested in the treatment of this class of cases.

Coca-Bola will also be found to be a very valuable substitute for tobacco, especially in the treatment of those who are suffering from the pernicious effects of its excessive use in the habit of chewing. It is a well known fact in the treatment of the cases that the greatest obstacle, and the one which meets the physician at the very outset, is the difficulty experienced in providing a suitable substitute for the offending “quid.” The chewing of tobacco, soon leads almost unconsciously to the formation of a habit of chewing, and when the mouth becomes accustomed to the frequent regularity of the movements of mastication, and the continued presence of a foreign body, the action becomes in a certain sense an involuntary one, and any interruption or break in its regular performance adds a disturbing element which greatly enhances the depression naturally resulting from the withdrawal of the physiological stimulus of the tobacco. A habit soon becomes a second nature, and a habitual chewer of tobacco derives as much satisfaction, and from the “company” of the “chew”, to which he had accustomed himself, as he does from the drug itself.

The use of tobacco in chewing or smoking, as well as the frequent drinking of liquor, produces a catarrhal condition of the mouth which also adds to the desire for the presence of the quid. The oral mucosa are in a state of sub-acute congestion, and while the first result of the habit is to stimulate their secretions, this is soon followed by catarrhal changes, whereby the saliva and other juices become greatly diminished in quantity. An uncomfortable feeling of dryness and heat in the mouth soon results, only alleviated by the employment of the alcohol, or the tobacco. To relieve this condition of affairs in many different “tobacco substitutes” have been recommended, but with very little success. They are generally compounds containing large quantities of licorice-root, and while they partly satisfy the taste, they do not supply any stimulus or sustaining agent to take the place of the refreshing and almost nourishing tobacco, neither do they allay the congestion of the mouth.

Coca leaves should, theoretically, be an excellent substitute for tobacco.

They have an agreeable, bitter aromatic taste when chewed in the mouth; they greatly diminish the blood supply in the superficial capillaries of the mucous membrane, and should thus relieve the congestion of the oral mucosa; and the general tonic, stimulating and sustaining powers of the drug should render it a suitable and innocent substitute to take the place of tobacco. Moreover, it leaves behind it no injurious after effects, and its use can be at any time suspended after the patient has lost his desire for the former drug. When, therefore, the coca leaves can be presented in the form of a masticatory, and satisfy both the physiological requirements of the case and the “habit” of the chewer, it would seem as if every condition for a perfect substitute for chewing tobacco had been fulfilled. – [C.L. Mitchell, M.D. in “Clinical Notes”]


USDA Feared Coca as Tobacco Habit Cure
http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2011/04/coca-as-tobacco-habit-cure.html

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British and French and North Americans Examine Coca: 1870s-1880s

From my unpublished manuscript Coca- Forgotten Medicine
British and French and North Americans Examine Coca: 1870s-1880s
A Useful Medicine and Stimulant


Vin Mariani's U.K. debut paralleled if not spurred growing interest in Coca there: In May 1870, Sir Dr. Robert Christison, who later became President of the British Medical Association, began personally exploring Coca's effects, after having observed its anti-fatigue actions upon two of his students.

Having been exhausted from a 16 mile walk exhausted, the pair if students were able to take "another walk of an hour's duration with ease and pleasure," via drinking two drachmas of a Coca infusion. Dr. Christison began his experimentations by measuring his endurance without Coca, by starting his day with a fifteen mile walk, "in stages, with intervals of half hour's rest, and without food or drink after 8:30 A.M."; he found this task, "excessively wearisome." Urinary solids, samples taken every two hours, increased during the late-morning, while diminishing during rest and after dinner. His pulse, normally 62 at rest, was 110 at the end of his walk, and 90 two hours afterwards. His wearisomeness extended to the subsequent evening when he was incapable of mental labor, and to the next morning when he would awake "wearied and lazy." A repeat of this regimen two days later led to the same results. Four days afterwards, Christison virtually repeated this regimen by increasing the distance of his walk to 16 miles, walking in stages of four and six miles, with rest stops of a half hour of and taking as before: the main modification to his regimen being the chewing of eighty grains (English equivalent) of Coca leaves during his second rest period, noticing subtle yet significant effect.

As recounted by Searle in 1881: He felt no effect from the Coca until he stepped out of doors, when, to his surprise, all weariness fled and he found he could walk with ease and elasticity. He accomplished the six miles without difficulty, and ran up two flights of stairs to his room, taking two steps at once... After his return and before dinner he felt neither hunger nor thirst, but ate well: in the evening was alert and not drowsy: slept well, and awoke in the morning refreshed and free from fatigue. More measurably, Christison's pulse was 90 and 62, while his urinary solids, previously affected by his degree of physical exertion without Coca, were stabile with Coca, regardless of how hard he physically exerted himself within the confines of these experiments. Christison further explored Coca's effects that following September 15, while climbing and descending a 3,224 foot mountain. He wrote "I was neither weary, nor hungry, nor weary, and felt as if I could easily walk home four miles." As later recounted: It required two and a half hours to reach the summit, and he was so much fatigued that it required much determination to get over the last three hundred feet. His companions ate lunch, but he chewed instead two thirds of a drachm (English equivalent?) of Coca. He experienced no fatigue while going down, and after returning home felt no hunger, nor thirst, nor weariness. At six P.M. he took dinner, and felt lively and well during the evening. He had taken no food nor drink from eight A.M. till six P.M. , and had chewed in all eighty grains of Coca. Eight days afterward he repeated the same experiment with even more comparable results. His son also obtained quite equal effects.

Christison's conclusions, published in 1876 was that Coca prevented and removed fatigue; that it suspended and removed hunger and thirst, while leaving appetite and digestion unaffected; that it prevented excitement of the circulation under exercise; and that it probably diminished urinary solids

This growing medical interest in Coca was further reflected the following year's release of the 1877 booklet E. Coca: A Treatise on Brain Exhaustion, Helmsley, U.K as the cause of disease, by William Tibbles. This work -- with the motto "Believe one who has experience to justify his opinion" -- featured Tibbles' findings upon Coca's efficacy towards treating numerous ailments, which he observed through having used -- and prescribed -- the leaves for years. recommended the use of coca for a variety of physical and mental diseases.

The coca dosage regimens recommended by Tibbles, Searle, and their colleagues would have resulted in daily ingestion of no more than 65 to 160 mg of cocaine. Coca-Cola, promoted as a “Brain Tonic" for exhaustion, went through several changes in its formula (Louis and Yazijian, 1980) and from the 1890s to 1903 contained approximately 60 mg of cocaine per 8-ounce serving.

Interest in Coca in the United States, in the wake of Dr. Louis Elsberg and Vin Mariani's arrival in New York City around 1872, was no less enthusiastic regarding the arrival of this "new" tropical wonder-drug. The year Tibbles released his book on Coca and brain exhaustion, Dr. G. Archie Stockwell wrote, in a piece appearing in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal that Coca extract was good [Musto, People magazine, November 24, 1986] for fighting depression, conserving energy and was not addictive, that it cheered you up and not infrequently caused "unequivocal aphrodisiac."

Dr. William Searle, 1881, A New Form of Nervous Disease, together with an Essay on Erythroxylon Coca mirrored Chistison's, Tibbles' and Thudichum's findings upon Coca's sustaining abilities. With regard to this, Searle, noted:

For more than three years past the writer has used Coca himself and prescribed it extensively for others. I need not repeat to those who hear me my experience [see previous essay]. In addition to this, however, I have found for myself that, when compelled to forego sleep, if I chew the leaves the loss is not felt, or if a brief nap is caught in the morning, the waking is free from the stale, exhausted feeling which used to mark those hours, and I am elastic and buoyant as if I had slept all night. But if I chew it freely during a day of ordinary labor, the sole result is a domination of customary appetite. It is not a little curious that, while its use disperses the desire and need for sleep, it does not prevent sleep as do coffee and tea.

In his previous essays, Searle recounted his extensive use of Coca. He compared Coca favorably to other stimulants, particularly Tobacco:

The use of tobacco, both by smoking and chewing, is offensive-- the former to many, the latter to every decent man. Since, however, Coca is not smoked, and the juice extracted by chewing the leaves is swallowed, these objections do not apply. The breath of the tobacco smoker; that of the Coca-chewer to but a very few, and they sensitive persons who would be troubled by so faint an odor as that of tea.

As to the comparative usefulness of these two substances in sustaining under exertion, the balance inclines heavily in favor of Coca.

Smoking is said to promote digestion. The same, is said, by Mantagazza, to be true of drinking an infusion of Coca. Tobacco to the novice in its use is exceedingly nauseous and disagreeable. Coca is unpleasant to no one.

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